Everything about Surface-to-air Missiles totally explained
A
surface to air missile (
SAM) or
ground-to-air missile (
GTAM) is a
missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy
aircraft. It is a type of
anti-aircraft system.
Land-based SAMs can be deployed from fixed installations or mobile launchers. The smallest SAMs are capable of being carried and launched by a single person. These types of SAM are also referred to as Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (
MANPADS). Soviet MANPADS have been exported around the world and can still be found in many of their former client states. Other nations have developed their own MANPADS.
Land-based SAMs are deployed on mobile launchers, either wheeled or tracked. The tracked vehicles are usually armoured vehicles specifically designed to carry SAMs. Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will.
Ship-based SAMs are in widespread use. Virtually all surface
warships can be armed with SAMs (see list below). In fact, naval SAMs are a necessity for all front-line surface warships. Some warship types specialise in anti-air warfare for example
Ticonderoga-class cruisers equipped with the
Aegis combat system or
Kirov class cruisers with the
S-300PMU Favorite missile system.
Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search
radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they're military aircraft, will be
identified as friend or foe systems before "lock-on".
Development of surface-to-air missiles began in
Nazi Germany (hard pressed by Allied
air superiority) during late
World War II with missiles such as the
Wasserfall though no working system was deployed before the war's end.
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